Should Punishment Be Punished For The Crime - 1866 Words

Punishment can be described as ‘a legally approved method designed to facilitate the task of crime control’ (Garland, 1990: 18). According to the criminal justice act 2003 the aims of punishment are to punish the offender for their wrongdoing; to reduce crime; to reform and rehabilitate offenders; to protect the public and for offenders to make amends to the person/persons affected by their offences. There are many philosophical justifications as to what the purpose of punishment should be. The two most cited justifications are known as the retributivist and reductivist approaches to punishment. The retributivist approach looks at past events and states that wrongdoers should be punished for the crime they have committed, because they deserve to be punished for it. Retributivism originates form the Latin retribuo, ‘I pay back’, suggesting that an offenders punishment should be equivalent to the crime they have committed. Retributivists believe that offenders must be punished because they have carried out actions that are illegal, and that the severity of the punishment must be matched to that of the seriousness of the crime. The reductivist approach, which can also be named the utilarian approach, looks at punishment as forward looking and justifies punishment on the grounds of its alleged future consequences. For utilitarians, consequences are assessed by reference to people’s mental state or happiness. This means that punishment is not justified and to quote Bentham, ‘inShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Is Justified1248 Words   |  5 PagesExecutions have occurred in many forms for thousands of years. From Roman crucifixion to American lethal injection, capital punishments have one common goal: to offer retribution to a guilty party. However, in recent years, the death penalty has come under intense scrutiny. There are a great number of people who believe it should be abolished entirely and some who believe it should be used only in the most humane ways. In this paper, I will argue that the death penalty is justifiable in cases whereRead MoreArgument Against The Death Penalty1247 Wor ds   |  5 Pagessomebody who has taken somebody else’s life is simply immoral.† When considering the issue of capital punishment, many arguments are made in favor of proponents and abolitionists. There are utilitarian arguments, retributive arguments, and egalitarian arguments. Utilitarian arguments argue against the death penalty, for they look to punish criminals for the benefit and the â€Å"lesson learned† from the punishment. They believe that this is the most effective form of deterrence, because the criminal will learnRead MoreThe Case For Death Penalty1252 Words   |  6 Pagessomebody who has taken somebody else’s life is simply immoral.† When considering the issue of capital punishment, many arguments are made in favor of proponents and abolitionists. There are utilitarian arguments, retributive arguments, and egalitarian arguments. Utilitarian arguments argue against the death penalty, for they look to punish criminals for the benefit and the â€Å"lesson learned† from the punishment. They believe that this is the most effective form of deterrence, because the criminal will learnRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty946 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment, or the death penalty, is a legal sentence for the convicted to be put to death for their criminal behavior. How the convicted criminal is executed varies from state to state. I do not believe that the death penalty is justifiable in almost any instance, if any. Throughout this class, I have read and experienced confusion on my opinion of whether capital punishment can be justifiable. If there was an absolute 100% belief and proof of guilt for the most serious of crimes (murderRead MoreArgumentative Essay On The Death Penalty989 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is commonly known as the Death Penalty. The Death Penalty is killing someone as a punishment for a crime through legal terms. In 2014, six hundred thirty-four people that are 18 years and older out of one thousand seventeen people were in favor of the death penalty (Gallup). We use this punishment to serve justice for the life of the victim that has been taken. I am in favor of the death penalty and it should be issued in all states for people who commit heinous crimes. The deathRead MorePunishments in Primitive Soceity852 Words   |  4 PagesPUNISHMENTS IN PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES Introduction: The most usual criteria for punishment in primitive societies is the principle of Eye for an eye. According to this principle if a person has taken the eye of another the chief orders that the eye of the criminal should be taken.Blood for blood is the ancient principle of retribution in primitive societies. Thus punishment is based on retributive principle. This is so since most of the tribal people believe that crime is a violation of divineRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?1443 Words   |  6 Pages 6 Should the Death Penalty Be Abolished in the United States? Adalynne Francis CRJU 1000 Dr. Huss November 14, 14 Should capital punishment/ death penalty be abolished in the United States? Many feel that the death penalty is immoral and question whether the state and federal government deserve the right to kill those whom it has imprisoned. On the other hand, those opposed feel that by not acting upon the death penalty communities would plunge in anarchy and that byRead MoreCapital Punishment : A Form Of Legal Punishment Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment implies that the criminal is sentenced to death as a punishment for their crimes. Prima facie, it appears to be the most just punishment and solution to crimes that demand such severity of punishment in proportion to the offense. However, the reason why it is a moot point and a debatable issue is because ethicists see both sides of the story and there are numerous ethical issues involved with institutionalizing capital punishment. To understand the debate on capital punishment as anRead MoreMorality And Its Effect On Society1196 Words   |  5 PagesA utilitarian can prove that punishment is moral because it will reduce crime, it will give satisfaction to society, and it will deter other potential offenders. Punishment involves the deliberate infliction of suffering on an offender for a violation they caused such as a crime they did. Since punishment involves inflicting a pain or suffering to a criminal similar to an offender inflicts pain on his victim, it has generally been agreed that punishment requires moral justification. UtilitarianismRead MoreDiffering Opinions on the Controversial Death Penalty Issue Essay788 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of capital punishment is one that has been in discussion for many years. How can anyone control the life of another human being? The accused may have taken the life of another citizen but what gives anyone the right to take his. This is the main point of the question but it gets vastly more complicated as the issue is further investigated. For instance, the psychopath who goes on a murderous rampage might have an abnormality with the frontal lobe of the cortex in his brain. Now, if

Louise Mallard’s Demise in “The Story of an Hour” by Kate...

Louise Mallard’s Demise in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin Kate Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, is about a woman, named Louise Mallard, in the late 1800s who is told that her husband, Brently, has died in a railroad accident. Initially, Louise is surprised, distressed, and drowned in sorrow. After mourning the loss, the woman realizes that she is finally free and independent, and that the only person she has to live for is herself. She becomes overwhelmed with joy about her new discovery of freedom, and dreams of all of the wonderful events in life that lie ahead of her. Louise’s sister finally convinces her to leave her room and come back into reality. While Louise is walking down her steps, her husband surprisingly†¦show more content†¦Either way, it can be interpreted that the couple never saw each other before Louise died. Therefore, Louise Mallard may have simply passed away from a heart that was exhausted from her strong initial grief of losing her husband and her new adventurous excitement from gaining freedom (Cunningham 3). The unique ending of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† also contains some irony. During the 1800s, which is the time period that Chopin wrote this short story, men held more respect than women in society, and women were expected to be dependent upon a husband. A critic, Emily Toth, states that Chopin may have included Louise’s death at the end of the story to please authors and editors because presenting that a woman may be able to happily live without a husband in the 1890s would be a fanatic idea (Cunningham 4). The multitude of conservative readers in the 1890s could interpret that Louise passed away because she was too independent, but the actual meaning of the death may have very well been because of Louise’s joy from finally being dismissed from her husband’s control. By using irony, Chopin was able to both please the critics of her time period, and prove a hidden point that women can find joy without a man. Over all, in â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, Kate Chopin leaves the meaningShow MoreRelatedThe Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin1254 Words   |  6 Pages Kate Chopin provides her reader with an enormous amount of information in just a few short pages through her short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour.† The protagonist, Louise Mallard, realizes the many faults in romantic relationships and marriages in her epiphany. â€Å"Great care [is] taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death† (Chopin 168). Little do Josephine and Richards know, the news will have a profoundly positive effect on Louise rather than a negative one. â€Å"WhenRead MoreA Womans Brief Freedom in The Story of an Hour Essay845 Words   |  4 Pages The Story of an Hour, was written and narrated by Kate Chopin. Chopin utilized an omniscient point of view, while exhibiting various types of irony throughout the story. The story takes place in the 19th century, an era when it was acceptable for men to regulate their wives. The setting is in a house where a discontented housewife is restricted. Women were obligated to take care of their domicile and care for the children--this was their primary purpose as a wife. The story focuses on theRead MoreThe Effect of Marriage on a Woman of the Victorian Period1237 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Kate Chopin Author Kate Chopin is considered a feminine author because most of her stories feature a plot about a turn of the twentieth century woman who is struggling against the restrictions of the gender biases of her period. At this time in history women were socially insignificant. They were not allowed to have any real power but instead were relegated to the private sphere. A womans only role in life at the time was as wife and mother. Any ambition outside of these roles was consideredRead MoreKate Chopin s The Story Of An Hour1369 Words   |  6 Pagesto Die By all accounts, this is not a typical story of a battered wife longing for freedom from her vindictive husband. A woman does not need to be have a blatantly cruel or abusive husband to feel trapped, or unhappy. She should not need the presence of violence for these feelings to be validated. Sometimes, it is simply the absence of choice. And, for Louise – the main character in Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† – it takes the untimely demise of her husband for her to realize her subconsciousRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin869 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin The short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† by Kate Chopin depicts on the dramatizing news that the protagonist, Mrs. Louise Mallard, is notified with. Chopin uses a wide amount of different rhetorical devices such as Symbolism, Imagery, and Allegory to help the reader fully understand the reading and see what Chopin is trying to set the story as. Throughout the story, Chopin sets a certain tone that lasts from beginning to end. The narrator s portrayal of MrsRead MoreStory Of An Hour Critical Analysis824 Words   |  4 PagesKate Chopins 1894 short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour† shows the main character Louise Mallards emotional roller coaster with the incorrect knowledge of her husbands untimely demise from a train wreck. This short story dives deep into the gender inequality of the time using the gingerly way the family informs her of her husbands demise due to what the writer refers to as heart trouble, to her sister’s reaction to Louise exclaiming â⠂¬Å"Free! Body and soul free!† (151). Kate Chopin places you in inRead MoreThe Joy That Kills By Kate Chopin942 Words   |  4 PagesThe Joy that Kills In â€Å"Story of an Hour,† Kate Chopin uses irony to emphasize her theme of the unhappiness of women during this time period. The symbols and imagery give the reader a sense of Mrs. Mallard’s new life, a life filled with new possibilities and endless opportunities. On the surface, the story, told within a few pages and spanning only one hour of time, seems quite simple. It is the story of Louise Mallard, a woman with a history of heart problems, who learns from her sister and friendRead MoreIrony in the Works of Kate Chopin and Guy De Maupassant1903 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Thesis: In the end of the each story, the woman is wholly undone by the society in which she lives; she is destroyed when she is unable to live up to the ideal of womanhood that her society dictates. The irony that serves the end of each story is the final blow, which undoes the woman and finishes her life. Paragraph 1: Story of an Hour as unhappy marriage Paragraph 2: ironic twist in Story of an Hour Paragraph 3: reason for Louis Mallards death Paragraph 4: irony as the cause ofRead MoreEssay about Kate Chopin Short Stories1663 Words   |  7 PagesKate Chopin was an American feminist fiction writer and a woman ahead of her time. She lived in the socially conservative nineteenth-century, but in her stories, she wrote about unconventional characters, particularly women, that caused others to question her morality. Similar to the female characters in her stories, Kate Chopin was an independent woman. She would often smoke cigarettes or walk in the streets unaccompanied; these practices were considered unusual for a nineteenth-century woman toRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour And A Rose For Emily Literary Analysis1297 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopins The Story of an Hour and William Faulkners â€Å"A Rose for Emily tells the story of women who face isolation and struggle with their own terms of freedom upon the death of a male figure in their life. Louise and Emily come from different time periods, backgrounds, and have differ ent experiences, yet both share commonality in that they have let themselves be affected by the unrealistic expectations placed on them as traditional ladies. Both of these characters are commonly misconstrued

Software and also Host and Carry out Consulting Samples for Students

Question: Do you know any organisation which outsources? Think about some challenges which that organisation has? Answer: Introduction Outsourcing has become a global phenomenon in recent years with the increasing need for more and more output. For example, IBM is an outsourcing firm that produces and sells computer parts like hardware, software and also host and carry out consulting firm services extending from supercomputers to microcomputers. While it was primarily a technology company, it has evolved drastically in the past few years by shifting its business to higher value and profit oriented market from product market. It has split its printer producing business in 1991 and disposing of its personal computer to Lenovo and bringing in consultancy services companies like PWC Consulting, SPSS, and The Weather Company. The company has decided to design semiconductors but outsourcing the production to other companies. This is an example of how outsourcing works. Numerous organizations these days perform such outsourcing activities which has resulted in the interconnection and interdependence between organizations. Outsourcing activities Many companies outsource its products and services for cost-effective operational activities. Outsourcing has been required in recent years because of its needs and wants for the organization and also to sustain in the market. The companies follow its outsourcing process by first making decision i.e. what to outsource and how to outsource and why to outsource. Outsourcing includes various parts of the business like time spent on accomplishing a job, the art and skills which are needed to do the job and the things needed to do the job (100-110, Axelrod, 2004). The company functions its outsourcing business by the following ways: innovation in work- companys founders include company culture, foresight, and target to accomplish the task but it requires more than that the power of creativity. The job to develop a brand is given to the freelancer who develops the brand logos and fonts to progress the business. The outsourced companies develop the software and design which helps in marketi ng the product and services and they are also cost effective because of cheap labor (220-222, Haugen, Musser and Lovelace, 2009). The company has also outsourced its products because of high volume of stock where it does not have the space to hold the product and with its good database of contracts the company has outsourced it as it will have a check on overhead and also the risk will be at a minimum level thus ensuring a good logistic system. The company has a good specialization skills and it has also honed its skills. The company has different employees to do different work and each member is specialized in its skills but the company needed more skilled employees so it has outsourced its work in different part of the world because resources present over there which the company might not having physically (0:1-0:6, IBM Blue Gene team, 2013). So in these ways the company functions its outsourcing business. The company follows a fabless process in which it designs its products and sells the products of its own but the assembly of devices is done by other company. The company gives contract to that company which fabricates the devices at lower cost because in that country the labor cost is cheaper. One of the major outsourcing activities is IT (Information Technology) services and the field of BPO i.e. call centre to provide customer service. Companies such as IBM have followed outsourcing process as it has come across and faced various problems because of cut-throat competition so they have decided to lower their sales and operating cost by evolving their marketing plans. It also established call centre service to provide customer service by resolving their issues related to the product and services and taking customer feedback to improve the quality of services and products and also getting help in cost efficiency of sales and production. The companies outsourced its call centre department because it doesnt know how to design and manage a call centre. Outsou rcing enables the organization to do the work they know and outsourced the work that they dont know. Companies mainly outsource the designing, hiring process and managing the telecom services center. The companies outsource its IT services to India as India has got good skilled engineer who can perform the task at much lower rate and also with perfection. The companies have its cloud software businesses, infrastructure service, and platform services (141-143, Coldwell and Herbst, 2004). This softwares enables the developer to make the work easy and to develop their product and services. The companies also offer data encryption services which provide security to the customer data. The companies also design hardware which include microprocessor which is used in making gaming products like play station, Xbox 360 The companies outsourced its fabrication to other companies but sells of its own (130-134, Quinlan, 2015). It has developed software for students like alpha Works where student s can learn new skills to pace up with the technology and to upgrade themselves. It also develops Kenexa which provide employing the employees and holding them back. The companies also provides consulting services after buying PWC (127-138, Mutwil, 2016). It provides infrastructure, technology and financing services. The companies focused on customer relationship management, supply chain management and financing transacting management. These all features provide good quality to the customers and satisfaction to the customers as The companies maintains the database of its clients with security and records and manage the database in accordance with the clients needs (168-170, Collis and Hussey, 2014). The consulting services are also outsourced to The companies in different parts as it generates employment to the people of that country thus helping in increasing the standard of the living. So outsourcing has played a vital role in shaping the business of the world. Challenges for outsourcing companies An outsourcing company faces a lot of challenges from its rival companies. The companies have evolved in recent years drastically but it faces a lot of competition from the rival companies as they also produce homogeneous goods and services which led to cut-throat competition in todays world (253-256, Jankowicz, 2005). The companies must focus on innovation and technologies on daily basis to sustain in the market. It has a very big market chain and operates in more than 170 countries and with expanding in business there comes big challenges in the path of business and to be a successful organization a company should overcome the difficulties, issues concerning the organization, problems to sustain in the business world (138-139, Bryman and Bell, 2015). The companies carry out a very large workforce in the field of IT, electronic gadgets, BPO i.e. call center and consulting services and to manage such a big organization The companies are facing a lot of competition from every sector o f the organization. The products and services that these companies provide are making of software for different work to get accomplish, to maintain the database of its clients, to provide customer service to its customers, to manage the financial activity of its clients i.e. property, wealth, shares, and stocks (20-23, Bushell and Remington, 2007). The companies face severe challenges in various sectors and the revenue is declining day by day and the sectors are showing no improvement in performance and the investors have become annoyed with the companies bad performance. The following sectors are facing challenges and they are as follows: Hardware sector- In hardware system, The companies are facing issues in differentiating its hardware products from its competitive organization. The companies fail to ensure its customers that its product features, characteristics, performance, built quality are different in nature from its rival products and also it has not brought many innovative ideas to shape the hardware products (150-152, Blackstone, Prest and Lemmings, 2016). The companies have lost a majority of its revenue in its hardware business as its design, develops and sells computer products like mouse, monitor, CPU, floppy disk, hard disk etc. the share of its profit has fallen drastically. Software sector: Due to the effect in hardware sector the companies are affected in its software sector also as both hardware and software are interrelated products which help to built computers. The software is intangible in nature whereas hardware is tangible in nature (4-14, Vitasek and Manrodt, 2012). The sale of a software product depends on the sale of hardware products as both are complementary to each other (1583-1587, Multiple Objectives and Outsourcing Contracts in IT Outsourcing, 2015). So if the customers buys less hardware of a particular company, then they will also buy less software of that company thus making it decline in its revenue and also the third party is not buying the product because it can develop its own product, the reason is those rival companies are selling the hardware and software at much lesser price than the company and also providing quality product and services to the consumers. Thus the company would lose its customers worldwide. Service sector- The companies provide service in computer and consulting areas. Previously, the companies enjoyed a free run in the market when the technology was not high and there were few firms not as competitive as the few companies but in recent years the rival companies in computers and consulting services has evolved and giving tough competition to each other by providing better services to the customers and also providing cheap services and products (185-197, Busi and McIvor, 2008). CLOUD calculating: previously the companies have enjoyed a good run in its cloud services but in recent years it has faced tough competition. For example, as IBM faces competition from Google, Amazon, and Microsoft has they built better services of cloud storage than IBM. failing in controlling large markets: The companies are very large in terms of its turnover so it is quite difficult to manage such a large organization to make it top from its rivals as it includes a lot of strategies to overcome the difficulties. Recommendations The ways that an outsourcing company could overcome its drawbacks are as follows: It should make its product look different from others and also ensure its customers that the product function, built, features, qualities, and characteristics are unique in nature. It should improve its customer relationship management by providing new services and productive services to them and also resolving their problem and understand their needs. It should improve Supply chain management by having good contacts who could deliver the products quickly to the customers. It should improve its Cloud storage more than its rivals and provide new features in it. It should create new needs in the market and be the monopoly of those products. It should improve its hardware, software products by bringing innovation into it. It should sell premium products to increase its revenue. It should invent and develop new products in the market. It should make a better strategy to control its large market. It should provide better service in consultancy business from its rival firms. References Axelrod, C. (2004).Outsourcing information security. Boston: Artech House, pp.100-110. Blackstone, W., Prest, W. and Lemmings, D. (2016).Commentaries on the laws of England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.150-152. Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.138-139. Bushell, S. and Remington, D. (2007). Applying intelligence to outsourcing options [intelligent IT outsourcing].Information Professional, 4(2), pp.20-23. Busi, M. and McIvor, R. (2008). Setting the outsourcing research agenda: the top?10 most urgent outsourcing areas.Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal, 1(3), pp.185-197. Coldwell, D. and Herbst, F. (2004).Business research. New York: Juta Academic, pp.141-143. Collis, J. and Hussey, R. (2014).Business research. Basingstoke [u.a.]: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.168-170. Haugen, D., Musser, S. and Lovelace, K. (2009).Outsourcing. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, pp.220-222. IBM Blue Gene team (2013). The IBM Blue Gene project.IBM Journal of Research and Development, 57(1/2), pp.0:1-0:6. Jankowicz, A. (2005).Business research projects. London: Thomson Learning, pp.253-256 Multiple Objectives and Outsourcing Contracts in IT Outsourcing. (2015).International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 4(11), pp.1583-1587. Mutwil, A. (2016). Market Analysis of Business Process Outsourcing in Logistics.Marketing i Zarz?dzanie, 42, pp.127-138. Quinlan, C. (2015).Business research methods. Andover: Cengage Learning EMEA, pp.130-134 Vitasek, K. and Manrodt, K. (2012). Vested outsourcing: a flexible framework for collaborative outsourcing.Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal, 5(1), pp.4-14.

Interpersonal Communication Motives and human behavior.

Human behavior and attitude are directed by internal processes and more specifically, person’s will to change something in their proximity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Interpersonal Communication Motives and human behavior. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Interpersonal communication motivation is one of the key factors that play a significant role in why people communicate and what they accomplish in their life. Interpersonal communication motivation is defined through the reasons and wants to action, a process where a person dynamically develops a plan and it becomes framed by the things that someone does. Some of the key characteristics of motivation in communication are direction, determination, activity, patience and human ability to satisfy what is primary to the individual. A person who has greatly contributed to interpersonal communication motivation theories is Abraham Maslow. His hie rarchy of needs explicitly explains why people are motivated to do certain things. It went as far, as to create strict needs that people are driven by in a lifetime. The theory of reasons for communication by Maslow states that people are genetically predisposed to act in a specific and concrete way that is centered on satisfying physiological and psychological needs. External factors or the surrounding environment and the internal needs and wants or personality of a person, set out criteria that guide how a person behaves and what goals they strive towards. One of the most important contributions of Abraham Maslow is the hierarchy of needs. It sets out the specific criteria by which people operate, according to their needs and wants. At the bottom of the pyramid-shaped diagram are the basic needs. These are the primary attributes that are needed for survival, like food, shelter and water. These are characterized as physiological requirements of all people, independent of their age, race or life goals. The next division of needs for a person is the security and protection from any external stimuli. There would be no point for a person to live and be motivated to participate in social relationships if all the food acquired does not lead to security in the home and the surrounding area. Just as important are the needs of the social aspect, such as belonging to a certain group but most crucial in this division is the love and affection of the close relatives and people.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has been proven that everyone, especially children, need to feel wanted and loved, in order for them to grow up confident and healthy individuals. It is understandable that physical survival is vital to a person in the continuation of life but on the other side of the spectrum is the psychological need and want of any person. From these needs stems a grea t part of interpersonal communication motives (Maslow, 2013). It has been supposed that a person has unlimited potential, so it is possible to assume that reasons for communication can exist in many forms or psychological extensions. One explanation is the amount of times someone was presented with a certain situation or quality which psychologically determined how much they became used to this sort of concept. In turn, this makes it necessary to become a part of behavior through action and want to communicate (Brown, 2007). It is undeniable that people are psychological beings and everything that happens in a person’s lifetime, gets recorded in genes and gets passed down through generations in a form of genetic code known as DNA. This is where Abraham Maslow has acknowledged that people have an internal and individual need, specific to their character and genes that require them to act in a specific way, according to their morality and individuality. The next steps in the py ramid relate to psychological needs and start with self-esteem, recognition and status. People must have a form of understanding of themselves and respect that allows them to feel confident in everything they do. If someone is not sure of their strengths, they will not be able to pursue their goals and dreams, being satisfied with the minimum that they have. The final stage of reasons for people to be motivated to communicate is the goal to realize what defines a person, who they really are and self-search and actualization become dominant throughout the character (Goble, 2004). It is obvious that there are many things in the world that can affect why people communicate that is described by Maslow. The use of drugs, alcohol or other substances can heighten certain chemicals in the brain that will upset the balance. So, the reasons for communication with others will shift from one need to the other. One thing for sure, people do need to survive, as no one wants to stop with what they have, thus the further pursuit of goals and the need to communicate with other for cooperation. Not only does the brain manifest and make visible the genetic information that has been passed down through generations, it also records new understanding and stores it. Information is bounced off the existing knowledge and needs, creating new perspectives and opportunities to come into existence. Person’s interpersonal communication output very much depends on the amount of information about something and their ability to imagine ways to accomplish the set goals. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs sets out the criteria by which people function but there are many individual differences that play a significant role. The level of importance in the determination is an individual characteristic, attributable to all people in the world (O’Neil, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Interpersonal Communication Motives and human behavior. specifica lly for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though the brain is still a mysterious place, framed by survival needs and esthetic wants, it is not quite clear why people like or prefer certain things. Either way, interpersonal communication motivation in the form of needs and wants play one of the most important roles in human behavior and life in general. References Brown, L. (2007). Psychology of Motivation. New York, United States: Nova Publishers. Goble, F. (2004). The Third Force: The Psychology of Abraham Maslow. Chapel Hill, United States: Maurice Bassett. Maslow, A. (2013). Maslow’s Motivation Theory and its Application to Education. Retrieved from https://web.cortland.edu/andersmd/maslow/homepage.html O’Neil, H. (2012). Motivation: Theory and Research. Hillsdale, United States: Routledge. This research paper on Interpersonal Communication Motives and human behavior. was written and submitted by user Emel1a to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Second-hand Smoke

Second-hand Smoke Free Online Research Papers Imagine yourself sitting down to dinner at a restaurant and eating with your spouse, friend or significant other, when all of a sudden all you can smell is smoke. This is called Environmental Tobacco Smoke (EST) better known as Secondhand smoke. We are being forced to breathe in secondhand smoke whether we like it or not and not only are you just breathing in the smoke; it is also damaging our body at the same time. Secondhand smoke kills and has been classified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a known cause of cancer in human. In this paper you will be informed of the harmful effects of second-hand smoke, and why smoking should be banned from all public places. When you are a smoker you are making the decision to damage your own body, but little do you know you are also damaging everyone elses body that you smoke around. There is no risk free amount of smoke one can inhale. The American Lung Association has said â€Å"secondhand smoke has been classified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a known cause of cancer in humans†. Smoking is dangerous and it says on all cigarette packs that smoking kills you and harms others around you. Every time you breathe in a breath of smoke you are damaging your or someone else’s lungs. When you inhale smoke, you are killing away your lungs’ natural defenses. Facts about Secondhand Smoke Secondhand smoke causes almost 50,000 deaths in adult nonsmokers in the United States each year, including approximately 3,400 from lung cancer and 22,700-69,600 from heart disease. If you are exposed to smoke on a regular basis you can eventually paralyze the lungs’ natural cleansing process which causes your lungs work harder. According the American Lung Association, children are more exposed to second hand smoke then adults. â€Å"In the United States, 21 million, or 35 percent of, children live in homes where residents or visitors smoke in the home on a regular basis. Secondhand smoke is responsible for between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under 18 months of age, resulting in between 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations each year, and causes 430 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Cigarette smoke contains over 4,800 chemicals, 69 of which are known to cause cancer. There is a chance that a person who has never smoked a cigarette in their life could develop lung cancer. Including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart disease, stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, acute myeloid leukemia, cataract, pneumonia, periodontitis, and bladder, esophageal, laryngeal, lung, oral, throat, cervical, kidney, stomach, and pancreatic cancers. Smoking is also a major factor in a variety of other conditions and disorders, including slowed healing of wounds, infertility, and peptic ulcer. Special Interest Groups / Political Action Committee (PAC) Special Interest Groups (SIGs) is a group of individuals drawn together by a common interest in a field of study, teaching, or research when the existing divisional structure may not directly facilitate such activity. There are many special interest groups today who has rallied together to bring attention to this silent killer. For example, The Non-Smokers’ Rights Association (NSRA) is a voluntary non-profit health organization that has worked exclusively in the field of tobacco control for over 30 years. Its mission is to promote public health by eliminating illness and death caused by tobacco, including second-hand smoke. Political Action Committee is the name commonly given to a private group, regardless of size, organized to elect political candidates. Legally, what constitutes a PAC for purposes of regulation is a matter of state and federal law. The American Lung Association is considered a PAC by receiving contributions or making expenditures in excess of $1,000 for the purpose of influencing a federal election through promoting healthcare. The American Lung Association offers a variety of smoking control and prevention programs targeted to specific groups-some aimed at adults, others intended for school use, and still others designed to build bridges between the home and school and involve community leaders along with parents and educators. The mission of the American Lung Association is to save lives by improving lung health and preventing lung disease. Conclusion Most of us spend the major portion of our time indoors, where secondhand is produced and re-circulated. This is why it may be the most serious source of indoor air contamination faced by the average non-smoker. Inhaling secondhand smoke is not something to just shrug off as it is a serious matter and the fact that more and more public places are enforcing smoke free environment is a huge step and has raised awareness to the seriousness of this problem. Research Papers on Second-hand SmokeThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyGenetic EngineeringMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Spring and AutumnPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XCapital Punishment

5 Steps in a Full College Book Review Dig into the Work at Hand

5 Steps in a Full College Book Review Dig into the Work at Hand 5 Steps in a Full College Book Review: Dig into the Work at Hand Most college students find writing book reviews rather difficult than enjoyable. It is supposed to be a thorough description, critical analysis, and evaluation of a book. Students can confuse a book review with a book report or book summary. A book review is not a narration but rather a critical analysis. Book reviews mostly focus on the themes, ideas, relevance, and limitations citing evidence from the book. In general, a college book review should present a clear and detail oriented evaluation of the quality of the book. On average, a book review should be approximately 500-1000 words. However, the word count might differ depending on the complexity and length of the book. How to Write a College Book Review Though different book reviews may vary, when it comes to a tone, style, subject and length they all have the same format. So, the steps that you should take while writing a college book review corresponds to the parts you need to work on. Read and understand a book. After you get the task to write a book review, the first step you’re recommended to follow is to read and understand the book. No additional resources can reveal totally the book content. Understand all the themes in the book and the message the author intended to communicate to the audience. Without taking this step, there is no sense to pass on. Introduce the book and its author to readers. As you understand this part is supposed to be an introduction that includes all the relevant details about the author and his or her book you’re going to analyse the name of the author, the book title and the major theme. Besides, you can add the book edition, the place of publication if this information is mentioned in the book. Give the basic information about a book. This part is called a summary in which you should focus only on the key issues in the book. There is no room for narrating the whole story. In fact, this section should not be more than 200 words. Carry out a critical evaluation. This section is considered to be a main one which is mostly targeted by examiners. Your task is to evaluate and analyze based on the author’s perspective as well as your understanding citing evidence from the book. You are free to critique or even state the limitations of the book if any. Conclude your reading. The conclusion largely depends on the evidence you have presented in the main section. It is also important to note that no new evidence can be presented in the final paragraph. Answer the question if you would recommend the book to others by underpinning your statement. With this practical guideline, writing a book review should be like a walk in the park. And each step will surely bring pleasure to you if only you follow them correctly without skipping. In   case you doubt in writing any part of a book review, you always can be supported by our quick professional help in writing. Our academic writers are ready to deal with a custom book review as required by your instructor. Start meeting academic requirements together with our expert team.

Implementation and Analysis of Public Policy Essay

Implementation and Analysis of Public Policy - Essay Example For this purpose, some of the formed U.S. troops will provide support to the Iraqis while targeting ISIS forces by sharing their intelligence and coordinate planning process (Deyoung and Gearan, n.p.). President Obama is giving public announcement of the decision trying to convince American society that American personnel will stay in safety there and that the government is working on the development of comprehensive counterterrorism strategy. Also, he stresses that there is a critical necessity to take active position in the conflict on behalf of the American government and that the government will take proactive actions to provide support to the Iraqis people (Deyoung and Gearan, n.p.). Thus, the American government declares its active position towards the situation in Iraq and is stressing its advisory role rather than combating reinforcement. In my opinion the policy might work in case the objective of the plan declared by Obama is true. In case this policy is only a part of the plan and the president is going to take active combat position on behalf of the American government, then this policy can be perceived as a â€Å"cover† for the real plan. In any case it would be very challenging to ensure safety of the American soldiers in hot spot in Iraq. Provocative behavior on the one part can lead to a great military conflict and therefore, impose risk of greater number of victims. The policy looks more like the ground or cause to enter the Iraqis land. The possible criticisms of the Obama’s decision can relate to the issue that the President is opening a new front in the Middle East despite the official rejections (Deyoung and Gearan, n.p.). People might negatively perceive this decision and view it as continuation of spending money and threatening the lives of American soldiers in another land war in the Middle East (Deyoung and Gearan, n.p.). The fact that there will be soldiers who have already undergone military service on the Middle

Plate Boundaries and Earthquake Featurs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plate Boundaries and Earthquake Featurs - Essay Example This analysis seeks to explain and help comprehend diverging zones. A boundary with divergence is a location where plates move apart while occurring above the growing convection currents. These currents rising push upon the base of the lithosphere, forcing it up while flowing beneath it. This tangential surge results in a drag of the plate substance over it, in a similar direction flow. At the apex of fortify, the overlying plate gets elongated thin, and because it cannot hold on anymore, it fractures and tows apart. Divergence occurs when the boundary plates move with different velocities both vertically and horizontally. According to Strickler’s 2nd law of GeoFanstasy, divergence occurs due to a massive stress at a tremendously slow rate on the boundary plates. The up and down movements result in distortion of the earth’s crusts resulting in fractures and joints, breaks and slips and folds. Krafla Volcano; the northern part of Iceland clearly shows the consequences of these plate movements. At the Krafla Volcano region, the current ground fractures continually widens as new ones emerge after a few months. In the period between 1975 and 1984, a number of rifting activities took place close to Krafla fissure region. A few of the rifting incidents were pursued by some significant volcanic activities; the ground gradually rose 1-2 meters prior to unexpected dropping, which signaled a looming eruption. In the era linking 1975 and 1984, the ground rose by a stunning 7 meters due to the plate divergence (Condie, 1997). The movement of the earths’ crust results in different formations. The conditions bringing forth these differences include the Temperature, Type and magnitude of the force and Rock type. Economic resources consist of naturally occurring materials of earth in dire demand for different uses. These economic resources include minerals, rocks and gases. Nature and divisions of these resources relate to geological structure and its hist ory resulting in a wealthy economic resource. Stop 2: Haiti an earthquake feature location Introduction An earthquake feature point is a place where there is a high activity underground resulting to frequent earthquakes and other tremors. Maps of Japan Map of Japan showing the three plates in contact The type of earthquake: Megathrust A Megathrust fault is a boundary connecting a sub-ducting zone and an overriding plate. A Megathrust quake results from an abrupt slip between the two plates down the fault line. It occurs in an area of Megathrust fault. An earthquake results from friction of plates and is increases as it progresses from one layer to another. Grinding of plates against the other is the main cause of earthquakes (Rafferty, 2011). Japan sits at the top of three continental plates rubbing against the other; the Pacific, the Eurasian and the Philippine Sea plates. These three plates continually rub against the other developing a tremendous pressure escaping with a vicious force. According to the Stille (2006), Japan is in a â€Å"ring of fire†, it experiences an earthquake every seven minutes. A seismic network takes down the measurements of the earthquake while a seismograph measures the magnitude or energy released while intensity is the strength the quake shakes things. The quakes produce two waves; P waves, a compressional wave and S or shear wave. The shear wave is slow

Repetitive spreading depression Essay Example for Free

Repetitive spreading depression Essay Jefferson (1996) notes that fear of crime is comprised of two distinct elements: personal fear and the use of a public fear of crime discourse. The latter could be variably invested, and could be more about crime than fear of crime. It was sometimes inflected more with anger. Some were invested in other discourses, such as neighborhood decline. It has been found that personal fears were normally of particular crimes, notably burglary or sexual assault, and could vary: inside and outside the home; and within and beyond familiar, local territory. Women are found to be more likely to express personal fear and men are more likely to reproduce the public discourse, especially older men (Jefferson, 1996). In discerning the distinction between the two genders and how each is affected by the fear of crime phenomenon, it was found that sex as such was not predictive of fear of crime; however, the effects of gender increased fears of victimization among women and sense of safety among men. While women feared for physical safety, men were in fear only as far as crime against them, not necessarily that of physical endangerment. Age was influential and found to be especially true for men. Anxieties about declining health and strength were sometimes expressed and are perceived to be in direct relation with a males concern of aging and becoming unable to protect himself in the event of a crime. Age did not appear to affect women in the same level as it was apparent that women of all ages are concerned about being unable to protect themselves against the possibility of physical crime. While older women were more likely to experience this type of fear, it was in no way peculiar to an age group among women. Findings help to establish the means to derive a more complete view of a given social environment (Koehly et al, 1998, p. 3). Research findings have helped to explain the measurement problems of crime and the fear of crime phenomena as it relates to gender depression. In two groups of mostly local, young or middle-aged, low-crime women, levels of fear and anxiety exceeded very low risk. Three of these women (married with children) worried excessively about burglary, or physical and sexual assault, and were hence judged depressively anxious. Their anxieties centered on their children but also included other members of the family, as well, revealing a core anxiety expressed as traditional, caring femininity. The lack of identity beyond that of being wife or mother combines with projection of protective agency onto the men in their families, leaving them with excess vulnerability that manifests in fears of burglary and/or assault. For two women in the study, fear of crime centered on fear of male sexual violence linked to violent, alcoholic fathers (Jefferson, 1996). II. SIDE EFFECTS OF DEPRESSION During the past decade the prevalence of eating disorders has increased among teenage and college-age American women. This increase is probably caused in part by societys idea of the ideal woman as being overly thin in order to be beautiful. Research has shown that anorexia nervosa consists of several psychopathological components as well as the physical components, and that the psychopathological characteristics often include such things as depression, anxiety, and difficulty in social situations, as well as low self-esteem (Wilcox, 1996). Adolescence is an intense time and is normally a time of physical changes as well as psychological changes. Females in particular seem to experience stress that is not experienced by their male peers. Females commonly experience depression during adolescence and other characteristics such as obsessiveness, compulsion and general reticence are quite common. While most anorexics have co-occurring clinical depression there are others suffering from anxiety, substance abuse or personality problems as well as an increased risk of suicide. Parks et al (1997) notes that within nonclinical samples, body image distortions have been associated with lowered self-esteem, depression, and chronic dieting (p. 593). The vicious cycle that exists with depression and female eating disorders serves to perpetuate the mental imbalance. Indeed, the consequences are far greater than just being overweight. Obesity, in and of itself, leads to a number of other diseases and complications that can significantly shorten a persons life. Of the long list of ailments, those at the top include heart disease, some cancers, diabetes, high cholesterol and blood pressure, and gallbladder disease. However, the mental distress such behavior causes is a significant concern, for a poor emotional outlook also takes its toll on the body. A common denominator among women with eating disorders is the overwhelming feeling of inadequacy they experience. Attempts to control their problem usually prove futile, which serves to plummet them even further and further into the depths of shame and depression. Based upon an article from the British Medical Journal entitled Male Sexual Problems, the findings indicate that male sexual function is so completely interwoven with other factors that there is no one single factor that can be considered the cause of sexual dysfunction. Dysfunction is often the result of factors such as complications from illness, general poor health or even side effects from treatment of other illnesses. Impotence is the major common side effect of many drugs, and it has also been a known side effect of aging, anxiety and depression. Male sexual dysfunction is also a known result of all forms of psychiatric disorder either directly or indirectly, with the side effects of drugs taken in conjunction with psychiatric disorder leading to sexual dysfunction such as depression. As sexual function continues to wane, the incidence of increased depression becomes cyclical in nature (Gregoire, 1999). CHEMICAL ASPECT Establishing the determinants of depression and gender in relation to the death of astrocytes in the brain, one is compelled to investigate the myriad experiment data that has surfaced since it was first surmised that the two entities had any connection to each other. Indeed, it has been found that the lack of astrocytic activity in the brain is an integral component to the overall concept of depression; it is with this information that the psychological community has become better equipped to address the relationship between astrocytic death and depression. Considered for decades to be a disease of the insane, depression has finally been recognized for the debilitating and emotionally unbalancing illness it truly is. With an astounding fifteen million Americans suffering from clinical depression a full five percent of the entire United States population it can no longer be looked upon as nothing more than merely the blues. Additionally, another five percent are victims of occasional despondency, with one of every six people succumbing to a significant depressive episode at some point throughout their lives. Depression often hits the elderly more than any other age group; however, with each passing year the average age of sufferers continues to drop. The field of psychology utilizes a number of statistical procedures in order to effect the applicable findings. According to Kendall (1991), the typical procedure behind such research is accumulated by way of study reviews, which employ the use of methodological considerations. These include deciding upon outcome measures, regulating therapy quality, as well as investigating client and therapist characteristics and the therapeutic relationship (Kendall et al, 1991, p. 78). There exist a number of issues that serve to influence the comparison modes, such as side effects, compliance and quickness of action, which must also be taken into overall consideration when determining the data. Among the variables that exist within the framework of statistical procedures, defining whether or not there is a difference between gender participation is a significant consideration. One study in particular from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program noted the differences between male and female patient statistical findings after a number of procedures were rendered. Zlotnick (1998) notes that depending upon the type of treatment each individual received placebo/clinical management; cognitive-behavioral therapy; interpersonal therapy; or imipramine/clinical management it was established that the final outcome was not influenced by gender. While the role of gender was examined in the process and outcome of therapy in the treatment (Zlotnick et al, 1998, p. 655) by reproducing the same findings in relation to psychotherapeutic treatment methods, it was determined that the second set of findings were the same. Researchers have been making the connection for some time now between depression and the death of astrocytes, noting that the astrocytes being essential for the brains nerve cells have been discovered to have healing properties. Pennisi (1999) notes how neurobiologists are beginning to recognize the regeneration components of astrocytes. Its going to make [neurobiologists] look at these cells in more detail. It will be interesting to see if they can be purified and used in [brain] repair (Pennisi 1999, p. PG). Understanding the roles that neurons and astrocytes play in the body helps one to fully comprehend why there may be a strong connection to depression. Astrocytic responsibility includes maintaining the blood brain barrier (BBB), as well as providing structural support, protection and repair of the central nervous system (CNS). Neurons, on the other hand, are the vital links between electrical impulses and the nervous system. Repetitive spreading depression (SD) waves, involving depolarization of neurons and astrocytes and up-regulation of glucose consumption, is thought to lower the threshold of neuronal death during and immediately after ischemia (Miettinen et al, 1997, pp. 6500-6505). In postulating the hypothesis that the growth or death of astrocytes somehow affects depression, it is relatively easy to recognize the fact that without the necessary astrocytes in place, conducting the brain-healing processes that they have been discovered to posses, it triggers within the brain the inability to maintain a sense of perspective. A kind of star-shaped brain cell that helps support surrounding nerve cells plays a much more pivotal role in maintaining the brains vitality than researchers had thought astrocytes double as neural stem cells, the source of new nerve cells (Pennisi, 1999, p. PG). Wineke (1996) notes the importance of ongoing research into the very real possibility that the absence of astrocytes serves to adversely effect brain function. Twenty years ago, the ideas we are studying were considered eccentric and fanciful. Now, this is really where its at (Wineke, 1996, p. 1G).

Ethiopias Medical Dilemma :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Ethiopia's Medical Dilemma Living in an industrialized country like America, and especially in a community such as Bryn Mawr, we are well fed and given excellent healthcare. Despite student complaints that they cannot go to the health center for a cough drop without being asked if they could be pregnant, most students are aware that they are very lucky and appreciate that there are parts of the world that are ravaged by diseases such as Malaria, which kills three children every minute. We donate money, we participate in clothing drives, but it is there that our involvement often ends, and we rarely see how effectively organizations such as Doctors without Border or Unicef ameliorate epidemics and other crisis developing countries. If one judges by the recent outbreak of malaria in Ethiopia; these human rights organizations are not living out the 'I Dream of Africa'-esque humanitarian fantasy that the donors may have imagined. Unicef, in conjunction with the Ethiopian government has been using what some claim are outdated drugs to fight the disease, which The World Health Organization predicts will infect 15 million of Ethiopia's 65 million population ( three times the normal infection rate) (1) . However, international doctors groups' such as Doctors Without Borders argue that the outdated drugs will be ineffective and may even make the epidemic more severe. There are new drugs that both W.H.O. and Doctors without Borders favor, but they are expensive and it is felt that it might worsen the situation to switch tactics now. And so the problem presents itself: expensive, effective new drugs, or cheaper, older drugs that may not work(1). One can understand the position of the Ethiopian Government so far as that they would like to choose the less expensive option. However, if the treatment they buy is not effective and if the second line of treatment is not possible for many of the citizens, then it is not on ly in the Ethiopian government's best interest, but also their responsibility to seek out and use a drug that will in fact help their citizens. In a country with an average life span on 44 years and a death rate of 17.2 percent for children under five, the health care in Ethiopia is already poor and this malaria epidemic is the worst that the country has seen since 1998 (3). Malaria is spread largely by Anopheles mosquitoes and attacks the liver and red blood cells, though it can also attack other organs, depending on the case (4).

Developing effective communication in health and social care Essay

In this essay I will be explaining how I use good communication and interpersonal interactions with the residents I will meet on my work experience at a residential home for older people. I will be explaining the skills and strategies I will use to make communication making sure it is effective. My essay will talk about different types of communication for example one to one, with different types of people, including professionals and service users. I will use communication with a variety of people and consider the most appropriate form of communication to be applied making sure the needs of all individuals are met. I will also explain and discuss Argyle’s communication cycle and Tuchman’s group process theory and apply these to my essay in relation to effective communication. My essay will also include an assessment of the skills and strategies used in communication and how they relate to the different theories. Communication is when you swap over information by speaking, writing, or using other methods making sure the communication is received and understood. Interpersonal interaction or communication is the process of sending and receiving information between people, using a two way process of communication. Read more:  Reasons why we communicate  essay The ways individuals communicate with others depend on the situation or the context you are in. There are many types of communication; there is spoken communication like one to one and oral communication with groups of people which is also known as interpersonal interaction. However communicating isn’t always spoken, many people communicate by unspoken communication using facial expressions or sign language. Email, texting and writing are also forms of communication. The formality of our communication can change depending on the context of it. For instance, if you are talking to your friends it will be informal and you will probably use slang. However when talking to a professional like a GP you might talk in your own dialect and it can be informal but the GP is more likely to respond formally, they may also talk in Jargon. When communicating it needs to be effective, effective communication means that when communication we make sure the person can understand and receive the information we are giving. We need to also make sure it is appropriate and clear, communication must achieve an nderstanding and meet the service users needs otherwise it has no purpose. This relates to Argyles communication cycle. Argyle said that effective communication is a two way process, to make the communication effective the person you are communicating with needs to be able to understand the message and decoded it. If the individual cannot do this the communication is not effective. Communication needs to be clear and formal without using slan g or jargon, this will enable the receiver to understand the information and then the message is understood and the cycle can continue. Argyle argued that communication was a two way process and it is a cycle because when two people are communication they need to be able to understand what is being said otherwise the communication is not effective and has no point. Argyles cycle has 6 stages, the first stage is idea; you have an idea in your head that you would like to communicate with other people. The second stage is coding where you think through what you are going to say and make it understandable to the receiver. The third stage is sending the message, you communicate with the receiver either by speaking, writing or in another way. The fourth stage is receiving; the other person receives your message and hears or sees what you say. The fifth stage is when the message is decoded, this is when the person decodes your message and understands what you say. At this point in the cycle if the person cannot understand the message then the cycle stops the communication is not effective. For example when on placement if communicating with a person with dementia, they might not understand you or what you are saying to them. They might become forgetful and feel lost this is when the communication cycle is not effective as the person will have no idea what you are on about. To overcome this I will need find another way of communicating with the resident or find a carer that knows what to do and how to cope in these situations. There are many barriers and reasons on why the communication is not effective, one of these being disabilities. Disabilities are a big barrier within communication this is when you need to change the way you communicate to meet the needs of the service user. The service user in the home could be deaf; if he/she is deaf it is pointless speaking to the person as they won’t understand you. There is no point in raising your voice or speaking clearer to try and make the person understand. You will need to change the way you communicate sign language is a way you can communicate with the person. Deaf people have no problem talking with people who also communicate by BSL. So when in the home if a person is deaf and you cannot communicate with them as you don’t sign find someone that does. Residents in the home might also have sensory impairments meaning they might not be able to see, this is when we would use Braille to communicate. Language is also a barrier to communication, if one of the people in the home speaks French you will need to speak French back. You cannot communicate with someone of another language if you don’t know the language yourself. So you will need to either learn the language or find an interpreter. Culture can also cause communication barriers, some cultures are not allowed to look people in the eye, and they can’t give eye contact or be within a certain amount of space to someone. This means that if someone was 2 arms lengths away from you there is no point talking to them as they won’t be able to understand them, you would either have to write what you want to say down or in the form of a text/email. There are many more barriers to communication that we face daily; you will need to have an idea of what people will be expecting and how they will be expecting to speak when you open your mouth. Another communication theory is Tuckman’s stages of group interaction. Tuckman believed that communication in groups is influenced by the degree in which people feel they belong together. He believed that when people first meet the go through a process involving 4 stages, these being: forming, storming, norming and performing. The first stage is when the group meet for the first time and exchange information, the second stage is further on in the relationship when there is tension in the group causing arguments about the way in which the group may function or act. The third stage of the process is when the group are norming at this point the group are coming together and trying to agree on their group values and beliefs. After this stage everyone will begin to perform effectively as a group. For instance the service users in the residential home might be at the stage or storming/norming. This could be because I will be a new person in the home replacing one of the carers that has been there for many years, the service users might feel very nervous and scared, there might be tension in the group because of this and they might be norming over the carer that left. Tuckman’s theory can help to build relationships with the people in the home and make the communication more effective because it is broken down in stages. This makes it easier to build a relationship with people because in the first stage forming, this is when I as a new member of the team will join the group and exchange information about myself with others. From that point it is up to the people in the home to continue Tuckman’s theory as it is their choice if they accept me into the group. If they accept me then the communication process can continue and we will come together as a group. If I was to build a relationship with the people in the home I need to make sure I have some of the same things in common and I understand what they are going through and how they feel, this all comes down to my values and beliefs and if mine are the same as the groups. Argyles theory also helps to build a relationship with people because to even get the communication cycle started, I will need to understand the resident. I will need to know what is wrong with them, how they feel and if there are any barriers in the way of communication. This is because there is no point in me talking to someone who is deaf. They will not be able to hear me and understand what I’m saying so the communication cycle will stop. However I will be able to overcome this, I need to recognise the barriers and understand how I can get rid of them. For example I can communicate with the deaf person in other ways like using Braille or writing things down as they will be able to see and read. If I overcome this I can help to build a relationship with the people in the home and communication will be effective. However these theories do not work all the time for all people. In some cases it might be very hard to overcome certain barriers for example if the patient is both blind, deaf and cannot understand Braille what do you do. Cases like that are very hard to conquer and in that case the theories are not useful and the communication is not effective. There are many other limitations like language. If there is a person in the home that is French and I only speak German and there are no translators available what should I do? I can’t get a translator because no one in the home translates how I can overcome the barrier. In some cases that will occur in the residential home I will not be able to use the theories of communication. This is because there are limitations and no way to overcome these. This means the communication cycles and processes are not working and the communication is not effective to the residents. Both theories use different skills and strategies to gain effective communication. One of these skills being the appropriate method of communication to make sure they meet the service users needs. In both theories you need to use clear and appropriate communication, this is because if you don’t the service user will not be able to understand you and it will also make the communication not effective. By doing this you could also make the service user uncomfortable so when speaking to a service user you need to make sure you are professional and speak to them with respect and be clear so that they can understand you. This will enable you to create a better relationship with the person as they will be able to understand what you are saying and will be able to communicate back, this will also help you as the service user will then know that they can come and talk to you because they understand you. Jargon is another strategy that should not be used in any cycle, if you use Jargon some people won’t be able to understand you for example someone with learning disabilities won’t be able to understand it if u use Jargon, that is why you need to use an appropriate method of communication. If you do use Jargon then people are unable to decode your message and won’t receive it. This means that the coding you have given them isn’t good enough and clear so they can’t understand. To overcome this you will need to use clear speaking and clarity. In Tuckman’s theory formal communication is a strategy used. It is mainly used at the beginning of the relationship when you are forming as a group and meeting different people. People speak in a formal language because when they meet someone knew they try to give a good impression. However the further in the process the group gets and the more they get to know each other they might start talking with a more informal language and use their own dialect. Another skill that is used in the communication cycle is questioning. Questioning is a good skill to use as u can form relationships with people knowing that you understand them and they understand you. If I use questioning in my placement I will gain a better understanding of them, I will also find out more information about them and I can check that they have understood what I have said to them. By doing this you are able to communicate and make it effective. Listening is a skill I will also use in the placement that is used in both theories for argyles cycle listening is very important. If the person isn’t listening then they won’t understand the message and find it hard to understand what is going on. However in Tuckman’s theory listening helps to understand when in the process the group is at. Listening will help me in my placement as I will be able to learn new things about the residents I will also get ideas about the group I am going into and what stage in Tuckman’s theory I will be entering. This will make me have a better understanding of the model and how the group relate to it and if they also relate to Argyles. However these skills and strategies don’t always apply in all situations. In the home you might find yourself in a situation that you can’t use the skills to help you and you might need to get help form another carer or resident. Sometimes these strategies and skills are hard to use when working with people who have disabilities or speak a different language. This will mean that you will have to find alternative skills to use when communication with people who find it hard to understand. For example if you are communicating with someone of another language these skills and strategies will be hard to use. You won’t be able to keep asking them questions as they don’t understand your language. Also you will need to be careful in what body language you use otherwise some people can take it the wrong way and be offended. They are helpful but some of the times aren’t. For example if your talking to someone with dementia. Tuckman’s theory will not work, this is because people with dementia become forgetful and loos there memory. So using Tuckman’s theory of communication is not very appropriate when you know it wont get to many stages because of the disability. On the other hand Argyles communication cycle is very useful when using interpersonal interaction talking one to one. This is because the cycle goes round in a circle and it is very simple, so if the person cannot decode the message you can just explain it in a different way or make it more simple for them to understand. In conclusion I have found out that there are many different skills and strategies that I can use in my placement to help me use more effective communication with the residents. I have also learnt that both theories fit in to everyday life it just depends on the situation you are in which determines what theory u relate to and the way you use communication. I have also learnt that you need to use good communication and make it effective otherwise it is pointless.

Discussing psychologist perspectives and their use Essay

Cognitive- This approach is portrayed by two theorists; Jean Piaget and George Kelly. This perspective refers to age-related changes in knowledge and acts of knowing plus understanding. Research shows that this approach is the best treatment practised for almost every single disorder, another positive point to this perspective is that it’s really quick with lasting changes; it also helps people become more confident and boost people with learning difficulties self-esteem. It’s also very easy and works for a majority of people. The negatives to this perspective are that it can be seen as non-person centred, it’s not effective for lower functioning clients, and some clinicians feel that it doesn’t address other issues. This can be used in health and social care through helping individuals who misread situations, as this approach mainly helps people with learning difficulties so it can help certain individuals come to terms with some irrational thoughts they may have. Biological- This perspective is about the view of personality that focuses on the way behaviour and personality are influenced by neuro-anatomy, biochemistry, genetics or evolution. This perspective also helps people understand how and why we have a certain diseases. The positives to this approach; the more we know about the brain, the more we should be able to explain how we operate and to understand what makes us ‘tick’. Also the main strength to the biological approach is that chemotherapy, ECT and psychosurgery can be used to treat the symptoms of abnormal behaviour directly and in a very short time. The negatives to this approach are the risk of side effects- e. g. in case of chemotherapy there is the risk that patients may become psychologically and physically dependent on the drugs involved. Symptoms often recur when the treatment stops, so many patients have to be re-admitted to hospital. It also raises serious ethical issues. Other things people look upon as negative is the fact that it’s hard to determine the extent to which genetic inheritance influences behaviour. This perspective can be used in health and social care through the use of developmental norms, this means making sure that a young child is developing properly, so that their behaviour and understanding matches that if their chronological age.

12 Character Archetypes Every Writer Should Already Know

12 Character Archetypes Every Writer Should Already Know 12 Character Archetypes Every Writer Should Already Know ‘Character archetypes’ are something you imagine bohemian writers talking about at length - perhaps while smoking a cigarette and stroking their pointy beards. And when they move onto the topic of Jungian theory, you can see yourself tuning out of the conversation altogether. But despite their seemingly high-minded background in psychoanalysis, understanding character archetypes can help writers of all stripes gain a better understanding of storytelling.In this post, we’ll explain to you what character archetypes are, reveal some of the most popular ones - and show you how to prevent your archetype characters from becoming clichà ©s.What is a character archetype?In storytelling, an archetype is a character who represents a specific set of universal, recognizable behaviors. Carl Jung, one of the forefathers of psychoanalysis, suggested that they are part of the human collective unconscious. He believed that these recurring figures are part of the mythmaking fabr ic that is common to all humans.If we are to believe Jung and Joseph Campbell’s theory of the Hero’s Journey, stories and myths are an intrinsic part of human development and evolution. They are a teaching tool, a way to warn each other of dangers and the simplest method of examining human behavior and better understanding one another.We’re not saying that these archetypes are embedded into human DNA: they are simply the character forms that have resonated most over the generations. What are character archetypes? And how can they help you? If myths and fireside stories were originally ways that people had to impart knowledge to society at large, then each of Jung’s archetypes might represent a different lesson: care for your children like a mother, be brave like a hero, be wary of tricksters posing as friends, and listen to your elders. The plot of Stephanie Meyer’s Twilight is nearly identical to Romeo and Juliet. Edward and Bella belong to the same archetype as those star-crossed lovers of Verona. The difference lies in the specifics: the way the characters speak, the Pacific Northwest setting, the fantastical conflict between vampires and werewolves. The book follows a similar narrative arc as Romeo and Juliet, but its fans certainly wouldn’t call it a ‘predictable retread of Shakespeare’s play.For authors, character archetypes are a useful concept to understand - if only to save you from tying yourself in knots, trying to create stories and characters completely unlike anything that’s come before. Every story has already been told, so focus on what matters most to readers: creating rich, specific worlds populated by people living specific lives, whose struggles are so grounded in realistic human behavior that their stories become universal -   no matter where the reader is fr om.What other character archetypes have we missed from this list? Drop them in the comments below along with your favorite example!

How Long Is the SAT With Extended Time

How Long Is the SAT With Extended Time SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Students with documented disabilities may be eligible to receive extended time on one or more sections of the SAT. The options for extended time vary by student and must be approved ahead of the testing date by College Board's Services for Students with Disabilities (SSD). If you're a student, parent, or educator interested in extra time accommodations on the SAT, read on to learn about the different options and how long each one makes the SAT. First, let's briefly review who qualifies for additional time. Who's Eligible for Extended Time on the SAT? In order to qualify for extended time on the SAT, students must have a documented disability that constitutes a "relevant functional limitation." In other words, their disability impacts their ability to take the SAT, and extended time may help them improve their performance. These disabilities include visual, physical, medical, and motor impairments and learning disorders. Generally, eligible students will have an established Individualized Education Plan (IEP) or 504 plan with their school. However, having a plan or accommodations for extra time at school doesn't necessarily guarantee them extra time on the SAT. A qualified school coordinator must make an official request to College Board and provide all the necessary documentation. Since approval takes about seven weeks, she should start this process early. When making the request, the coordinator will indicate whether the student needs extended time for reading, mathematical calculation, written expression, or listening/speaking (for SAT Subject Tests). If the coordinator specifies extended time on reading, then the student will typically get extended time on all SAT sections, as they all require reading of some form. Apart from differences in time per section, what other options does College Board offer for extended time on the SAT? What Are the Options for Extended Time on the SAT? There are three options for extended time on the SAT: time and a half, double time, and 150% additional time. The amount of time students get varies depending on whether they take the SAT without the optional essay or the SAT with the essay section.Below, you can see the amount of time students get with each extended time option. Time and a Half The most commonoption for extended timeon the SAT lengthens it by 50%. Time and a half makes the SAT without the optional essay a total of 4 hours and 30 minutesand the SAT with the essay a total of 5 hours and 45 minutes.Students with time and a half take the SAT at the usual time and place, on a Saturday morning at their testing center of choice. Double Time The second option is double time, or 100% additional time, for a total of 6 hourson the SAT without essay or 7 hours and 40 minutes for the SAT with essay. Students with double time typically take the SAT over the course of two days at their school. 150% Additional Time Finally, in rare cases students may be granted 150% additional time and get 7 hours and 30 minutes on the SAT without essay and 9 hours and 35 minutes on the SAT with essay. Like students with double time, students with 150% additional time typicallytake the SAT over the course of two days at their school, rather than take it at the official testing center. They would sit with a school coordinator, generally one on one, unless there were another student or two with similar accommodations. While the above mentioned times technically describe the length of the test, the actual experience is longer due to breaks and time for instructions. Considering these factors, how long will the SAT with accommodations actually take? Ready with your planner? How Long Is the SAT With Extended Time? The times above describe how much time a student has to complete the Reading, Writing, and Math sections, but they don't include breaks, instructions, or other logistics of the test-taking experience, like passing out and collecting the test booklets. Students with extended time must stay for the entire designated time, even if they finish early. They also can't flip between sections or self-pace, but instead must stay on each individual section until time has been called. Without accommodations, the SAT is 3 hours with the essayor 3 hours and 50 minutes with the essay. Without the essay, students get two breaks totaling about 10 minutes. With the essay, students get three breaks for a total break time of about 15 minutes. Extended time doesn't include extended or extra breaks unless a specific request has been made and approved. For most students with extended time, therefore, you can just add 10 or 15 minutes of break timeand 30 to 60 minutes for administrative tasks to get a sense of how long the SAT will be. In the charts below for the SAT without essay and SAT with essay, I added 30 minutes for check in, instruction, filling out personal information on the tests, and finishing up. In a testing room with a lot of students, it may take a bit longer. For students testing individually or in small groups, check in may take a little less time. Here are my estimates for each extended time option to answer the question, how long is the SAT with breaks? SAT Without Essay Extended time option Total testing time With breaks Total time No extended time 3 hours 3 hours, 10 minutes ~3 hours, 40 minutes 50% additional time 4 hours, 30 minutes 4 hours, 40 minutes ~5 hours, 10 minutes 100% additional time 6 hours 6 hours, 10 minutes ~6 hours, 40 minutes 150% additional time 7 hours, 30 minutes 7 hours, 40 minutes ~8 hours, 10 minutes SAT With Essay Extended time option Total testing time With breaks Total time No extended time 3 hours, 50min 4 hours, 5 minutes ~4 hours, 35 minutes 50% additional time 5 hours, 45 minutes 6 hours ~6 hours, 30 minutes 100% additional time 7 hours, 40 minutes 7 hours, 55 minutes ~8 hours, 25 minutes 150% additional time 9 hours, 35 minutes 9 hours, 50 minutes ~10 hours, 20 minutes Taking the SAT takes a lot of time, energy, and focus. Students definitely don't want to add to their stress by showing up late, and when finished they're probably eager to head home. So what's a safe time for pick up and drop off for students taking the SAT with extended time? Safe Times for Drop Off and Pick Up As mentioned above, students with 50% additional time will take the SAT on Saturday morning at their preferred testing center. They should plan to arrive by 7:45. The SAT is administered between 8:30 and 9:00. Students with time and a half will be finished and ready to be picked up around 1:40 PM or 3:00 PM, depending on whether or not they're taking the essay section. Students with more time will take the test over the course of two days at their school under the supervision of a designated administrator. Their timing will vary. Usually students who start at 8:30 AM test until around noonand then resume the next day. These accommodations are meant to improve the test-taking experience for students and meet their needs. Since the SAT is time intensive, students, parents, and coordinators should make sure to know the ins and outs of the process and options for extended time. Below are the key points to remember. Key Points It takes about seven weeks for College Board to approve SAT accommodations, so gather your documentation and make your requests early. The most common option for extended time is 50% additional time, though some students will get more or only qualify for extra time on certain sections. Students decide whether or not to take the essay section when they register. Students with time and a half will spend from around7:45 AM to 1:40 or 3:00PM at their testing center (depending on if they take the essay or not). Extended time does not automatically include extended or extra breaks, so you need to make these requests separately. Students must stay for their entire designated testing time, so even if they finish early, the above schedule will still apply. Extended time can be a huge help for students with functional limitations, like reading comprehension or attention issues. Make your requests specific and supported by in-depth documentation, and leave extra time in case you need to appeal College Board's decision. Since the SAT is such an important test, you want to make sure you or your student is getting the accommodations she needs to see her best results. What's Next? Apart from extended time, what other accommodations are available to students taking the SAT? Read our full guide on SAT accommodations and how to get them here. Now that you know how long the entire SAT will take, what about each individual section? Answer any questions you have about exactly how long the SAT is here. Want to score a super high SAT score?Get all the tips and expert advice you need inour guide to getting a perfect SAT score. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Rebecca Safier About the Author Rebecca graduated with her Master's in Adolescent Counseling from the Harvard Graduate School of Education. She has years of teaching and college counseling experience and is passionate about helping students achieve their goals and improve their well-being. She graduated magna cum laude from Tufts University and scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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